Transport of powders

ABSTRACT

A powder container (10) comprising a pressure vessel (12) for containing a quantity of powder (14) and a quantity of pressurised gas (32), an outlet through which, in use, the powder (14) can flow out of the pressure vessel (12), and an outlet valve (24) for selectively opening and closing the outlet, wherein the container (10) further comprises a data sensing and/or logging means (56, 58, 60, 62, 64) adapted to monitor and/or log various parameters of the powder (14) and/or the pressurised gas (32) and further comprising a control unit (54) adapted record and log the sensor readings either continuously, or at intervals, the control unit (54) comprising a communications module adapted to relay sensor readings, or log files, to a remote monitoring station.

This invention relates to an apparatus and method for storing and transporting powders.

The storage and transportation of specialist powders, such as those used in additive manufacturing (AM) processes requires careful consideration if the powder is to arrive at its destination in a useable condition. Currently, AM powders (e.g. sub-micron metal powders) are alloyed and milled at a powder manufacturing facility before being packed, under controlled atmosphere conditions, into airtight containers. The individual, sealed containers are typically uniquely identifiable, for example, using a barcode, RFID tag or the like and are warehoused prior to transportation to their final dentation.

Existing storage and transportations methods, such as the use of barcoded airtight containers, can be prone to damage, tampering and ageing, and so it is not, at present, possible to guarantee the quality of the powder at its final destination. In high tech manufacturing, such as AM, contamination, batch variations and poor quality powders are unacceptable. A need therefore exists for an improved and/or an alternative packaging, storage and transportation system for AM powders.

This invention aims to provide a solution to one or more problems associated with the storage and transportation of powders, and various aspects of the invention are set forth in the appendent claims.

An aspect of the invention provides a powder container comprising a pressure vessel for containing a quantity of powder and a quantity of pressurised gas, an outlet through which, in use, the powder can flow out of the pressure vessel, and an outlet valve for selectively opening and closing the outlet, wherein the container further comprises a data sensing and/or logging means adapted to monitor and/or log various parameters of the powder and/or the pressurised gas and further comprising a control unit adapted record and log the sensor readings either continuously, or at intervals, the control unit comprising a communications module adapted to relay sensor readings, or log files, to a remote monitoring station.

Suitably, the data sensing and/or logging means comprises any one or more of the group comprising: an oxygen sensor; a humidity sensor; a temperature sensor; a strain gauge; a weighing device; a location sensor; a GPS tracking device; an accelerometer; an electrostatic sensor; and a pressure sensor.

The powder container may further comprise a pilot line communicating with the interior of the pressure vessel and the outlet downstream of the outlet valve, a pilot line valve for selectively opening and closing the pilot line; and a bleed valve communicating with the outlet downstream of the outlet valve.

The use of a pressure vessel suitably enables the quantity of powder to be stored under a pressurised, controlled atmosphere. This enables the powder to be loaded into the container and stored in a controlled atmosphere, such as an inert gas (e.g. argon, nitrogen), which suitably inhibits corrosion, oxidation or other deterioration of the powder.

The outlet suitably comprises a connector, such as a flange or vacuum flange coupling (sometimes referred to as a KF flange coupling), which enables the outlet of the container to be connected directly to the inlet port of an AM machine. A manifold, adapter or other interconnector may be provided to enable the container to fit to a range of AM machine inlets. The AM machine inlet typically comprises an inlet valve between the inlet port and the AM machine itself. Thus, by connecting the container to an AM machine with the container's outlet valve closed, and the AM machine's inlet valve closed, a closed volume of air can be trapped between the outlet valve of the container and the inlet valve of the AM machine.

The pilot line communicates between interior of the container's pressure vessel (which contains a pressurised controlled atmosphere) and the container's outlet downstream of the container's outlet valve. Thus, when the container is connected to an AM machine, it is possible to open the pilot line valve to allow quantity of pressurised gas to fill the void between the container's outlet valve and the AM machine's inlet valve. By also opening the container's bleed valve, it is possible to purge the void between the container's outlet and the AM machine's inlet, using pressurised gas from within the pressure vessel to do so. Once purged, the pilot line valve and the bleed valve can be closed, at which point, the void between the container's outlet valve and the AM machine's inlet valve will contain a quantity of the controlled atmosphere. Then, the container's outlet valve and the AM machine's inlet valve can be opened to allow powder to flow from the container into the AM machine.

An interlock device may be provided between the container and an AM machine to which it will be connected. The interlock device may be configured to prevent opening the container into the AM device if certain parameters are out of range, for example, if there is contamination, an over-pressure, excessive moisture, excessive oxygen etc. in the container's outlet. Such a configuration can assist in reducing human error and the likelihood of accidental damage to, or contamination of, the AM machine.

It will be appreciated that the use of a pressure vessel containing a pressurised controlled atmosphere provides two main functions: first, it preserves the powder in a desired condition, thus improving its shelf life and better ensuring that it arrives on-site in a desired/specified condition; and second, it enables the controlled atmosphere within the pressure vessel to be used to purge the interface between the container and AM machine, thereby reducing the likelihood of contamination of the powder by air or gasses from the surrounding atmosphere or the AM machine. By using a pressurised controlled atmosphere, it is not always necessary to provide a supplementary supply of protective gas to purge the connection between the container and an AM machine.

Nevertheless, a supplementary gas supply may be provided, for example in the form of a pressurised gas cylinder that is connectable to the pressure vessel, or to the pilot line, via a control valve. A supplementary gas supply may be needed, for example, where the container is repeatedly connected to, and disconnected from, an AM machine, meaning that multiple purges are required thereby depleting the pressure of the controlled atmosphere within the pressure vessel: the supplementary gas supply may be used to top-up the pressure within the pressure vessel, or for purging only, depending on the specific requirements of the application.

The container comprises data sensing and/or logging means adapted to monitor and/or log various parameters of the powder and/or controlled atmosphere. The data sensing and/or logging means may comprise any one or more of the following:

An oxygen sensor located within the pressure vessel for monitoring and/or logging the oxygen content of the controlled atmosphere. Suitably, the oxygen sensor can be configured to provide a warning if the oxygen level within the pressure vessel exceeds a threshold value, which may be deleterious to the powder, e.g. at a level sufficient to cause oxidation.

A humidity sensor located within the pressure vessel for monitoring and/or logging the moisture content of the controlled atmosphere. Suitably, the humidity sensor can be configured to provide a warning if the humidity or water level within the pressure vessel exceeds a threshold value, which may be deleterious to the powder, e.g. at a level sufficient to cause rusting.

A temperature sensor located within the pressure vessel for monitoring and/or logging the temperature of the powder and/or the controlled atmosphere. Suitably, the temperature sensor can be configured to provide a warning if the temperature exceeds, or falls below, upper and lower threshold values, which may occur, for example, during sea or air shipping.

A strain gauge or weighing device for monitoring and/or logging the weight of the contents of the pressure vessel. Suitably, the strain gauge or weighing device can be configured to provide an indication of the quantity of powder within the pressure vessel, and may be configured to alert operatives if the weight falls unexpectedly (indicating a leak or tampering, say) or if the weight falls below a threshold value (indicating that the container needs to be replaced imminently).

A location sensor, such as a GPS tracking device, adapted to monitor and/or log the location of the container during transit and/or to identify theft, tampering, hold-ups etc., which are important in relation to “just-in-time” delivery schedules/logistics.

An accelerometer, vibration sensor or gyroscope adapted to monitor and/or log movement of the container, and in particular, vibration and shocks. Such a sensor may enable operatives to identify rough treatment of the container during transit and/or to alert operatives to the potential for damage to the pressure vessel or other parts of the container. Further, excessive vibration can lead to compaction of the powder, which may lead to blockages in use. Thus, alerting operatives to the potential for blockages is a useful design feature of the invention.

A pressure sensor adapted to monitor and/or log the pressure of the controlled atmosphere within the pressure vessel. A pressure sensor suitably enables operatives to monitor the protective atmosphere pressure so that leaks can be detected or an indication can be obtained when the protective atmosphere pressure needs to be topped-up. The pressure sensor may be operatively connected to a supplementary gas supply, where provided, whereby the pressure of the controlled atmosphere can be topped-up automatically upon detection of the pressure falling below a threshold value.

An electrostatic sensor can be used to determine and/or predict whether the powder will readily flow from the container to the AM machine. It has been found that excessive static electricity in the powder can lead to blockages and/or poor flow characteristics, and by providing an electrostatic sensor, such deleterious effects can be identified, predicted and/or monitored.

In addition, the container may be provided with a mixer, which can be a mechanical agitator, such as a motorised blade adapted to move within the container to release compaction that may have occurred during storage or transportation. In alternative embodiments, the mixer may comprise one or more gas jetting systems, which can also be used to break-up blockages and compacted regions of the powder, which could also be employed to re-aerate the powder prior to use. Where a gat jet system is employed, this may comprise a pump adapted to recirculate the gas within the container, or it may be connected to an external gas supply, such as a container of pressurised gas.

The data sensing and/or logging means is operatively connected to a communications module, for example a GSM transmitter, which can send sensor readings to a remote monitoring station on a continuous or intermittent basis. The remote monitoring station may be configured to periodically poll the communications module (e.g. by sending an SMS message to it), whereupon the communications module replies, e.g. in a reply SMS message containing a list of sensor readings. The remote monitoring station may be configured to monitor many containers and to collate the data to identify trends across various containers' readings. For example, if a number of co-located containers report a temperature increase, this may be used to alert operatives of an HVAC failure in a remote warehousing facility, for example.

The container is suitably palletised, that is to say, mounted on an industry standard pallet system, which facilitates loading and transporting the container using fork-lift trucks, ISO container-compatible transport systems and the like. The pallet may additionally comprise a protective framework or chassis providing physical protection to the pressure vessel.

Preferred embodiments of the invention shall now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a container in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the coupling of the container of FIG. 1 with an AM machine; and

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a second container in accordance with the invention.

In FIG. 1, a container 10 in accordance with the invention comprises a pressure vessel 12 for storing a quantity of powder 14. The pressure vessel 12 comprises a part-conical main body portion 16 leading to an outlet tube 18, which terminates in a radially outwardly extending connection flange 20. The flange connector 20 of the outlet tube 18 can be connected to a complementary inlet flange 26 of an AM machine 28, as shall be described in greater detail below.

The pressure vessel 12 can be filled via a removable lid 22, which is sealingly bolted to the upper periphery of the main body 16. The outlet tube 18 comprises an outlet valve 24, which is configured to control or stop the flow of powder 14 from the pressure vessel into the outlet tube 18.

The container 10 further comprises a pilot line 30, which provides fluid communication between the pressure vessel 12 (specifically, a volume of gas 32 located above the level of the powder 14 within the vessel) and the outlet tube 18 at a location downstream of the outlet valve 24. An in-line pilot line valve 34 is provided as well.

The outlet tube 18 further comprises a bleed tube 36, which is selectively opened and closed by a bleed tube valve 38.

Referring now to FIG. 2, the container 10 can be connected to an AM machine 28 by coupling the outlet tube 18 of the pressure vessel 12 to the inlet tube 40 of the AM machine 28. This achieved using a vacuum flange clamp, which clamps around the respective flanges 20, 26 of the container's outlet 18 and the AM machine's inlet 40. It can be seen that the AM machine's inlet 40 comprises an inlet valve 42 such that when the outlet valve 24 and inlet valve 42 are closed, a sealed interior volume 44 is formed by the outlet 18 of the container 10 and the inlet 40 of the AM machine 28.

Once the container 10 has been coupled to the AM machine 28, the pilot line valve 34 can be opened to allow the pressurised gas controlled atmosphere 32 to flow into the volume 44 until the two pressures P1, P2 equalise. The bleed valve 38 can then be opened to allow the gas 32 and air previously contained within the volume 44 to flow out, thereby purging the volume 44. Once purged, the pilot line valve 34 and the bleed valve 38 can be closed. In an optional step, the inlet valve 42 of the AM machine 28 can be opened to balance the pressure P2 within the volume 44 with that P3 of the AM machine 28, but this is optional.

Additionally or alternatively, an over-pressure can be preserved in the container, which can be used to release a blockage in the conduit. For example, where the powder at the base of the container becomes compacted in transit, an over-pressure in the container can be used to force the compacted powder through the outlet and/or to break-up a blockage when the outlet conduit is opened thereby forming a pressure differential across the blockage. This may be particularly useful, say, where the powder has been subjected to vibration during transit, which can lead to packing-down of the powder particles to reduce the interstitial spaces.

When the outlet valve 24 of the container 10 is opened, and the inlet valve 42 of the AM machine 28 is opened, powder 14 is able to flow between the container 10 and the AM machine until one or both valves 24, 42 are closed again.

It will be appreciated that by storing the powder 14 in a pressure vessel 12 under a pressurised controlled atmosphere 32, and by using the controlled atmosphere to purge the connection between the container 10 and the AM machine 28 prior to allowing the powder 14 to enter the AM machine 28, the powder 14 never comes into contact with the air. Such a configuration enables the powder condition to be guaranteed because the powder 14 is packed, stored and transported under controlled atmosphere conditions, and the controlled atmosphere 32 is preserved until the powder finally enters the AM machine 28. Thus, the only source of contamination is the gas within the AM machine 28, which is in any event, at the operator's discretion, and so the supply chain for the powder 14 can be much better controlled than with existing powder storage and transportation systems.

Of course, the system relies on having, and maintaining a sufficiently high pressure P1 within the pressure vessel 12, not only to preserve the powder 14, but also with enough excess gas to permit a desired number of purges (the controlled atmosphere is vented to the outside during purging, so some gas 32 will inevitably be lost).

For example, 100 kg of powder with a material density of 2750 kg/m3 would occupy, in a fully-dense state, 0.036 m3 of space. However, metal powders are not 100% dense, with a packing density of ˜60% being typical. Thus, 100 kg of powder would occupy ˜0.06 m3, or approximately 60.6 l of space. The pressure vessel may have a total internal volume of, say, 100 l, meaning that there is an empty volume of 39.4 l within the pressure vessel which would be filled with pressurised gas, for example, argon. Thus, the total empty volume of the pressure vessel would be the volume of empty space, plus the total volume of the interstices between the metal particles, which at a 60% packing factor, would be approximately 124.51.

Typically the volume 44 of the coupling might be ˜2.35 l, and assuming that 10 purges were required, 23.5 additional litres of gas would be required, i.e. ˜148 l of gas. However, the compressed volume of the gas is only ˜60 l, so the pressure P1 required to meet these requirements would be ˜2.35 bar. If 20 purges were anticipated, then the P1 requirement would be just ˜2.72 bar. Thus, the hazard for transporting pressurised gas is relatively low, given the relatively low P1 pressure involved.

Turning now to FIG. 3 of the drawings, which shows a more complicated version of the invention 10, the container 10 is mounted in a palletised support chassis 50, which surrounds, and provides mechanical protection for, the pressure vessel 12. The chassis 50 also facilitates lifting and moving the container 10. It will be noted, in this embodiment, that the pilot line valve 34 comprises a three-way diverter valve enabling the pilot line 30 to be selectively closed, or connected to the interior volume 32 of the pressure vessel 12, or to a top-up gas supply, in the form of a small gas canister 52. The pilot line valve 34 is computer controlled via a control unit 54, which is connected to pressure sensors 56, 58 located within the pressure vessel 12 and the outlet tube 18, respectively. The control unit 54 is also connected to a moisture sensor 60 and oxygen sensor 62. The control unit 54 comprises a module (e.g. a PIC and memory device) adapted record and log the sensor readings either continuously, or at intervals. The control unit 54 also comprise a GSM module (not shown) a GPS unit (not shown) and an antenna 64 for relying sensor readings, or log files, to a remote monitoring station, either ad hoc, at intervals, or on-demand.

It will be readily appreciated from the foregoing that the invention provides a solution to many of the problems associated with the supply chain for AM powders, or other bulk powders. The scope of the invention is defined by the appendent claim, but is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiments, which are merely exemplary.

The following statements are not the claims, but relate to various embodiments of the invention:

-   Statement 1. A powder container comprising a pressure vessel for     containing a quantity of powder and a quantity of pressurised gas,     an outlet through which, in use, the powder can flow out of the     pressure vessel, and an outlet valve for selectively opening and     closing the outlet, wherein the container further comprises a data     sensing and/or logging means adapted to monitor and/or log various     parameters of the powder and/or the pressurised gas. -   Statement 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the data sensing     and/or logging means comprises any one or more of the group     comprising: an oxygen sensor; a humidity sensor; a temperature     sensor; a strain gauge; a weighing device; a location sensor; a GPS     tracking device; an accelerometer; an electrostatic sensor; and a     pressure sensor. -   Statement 3. The container of statement 1 or statement 2, comprising     a control unit adapted record and log the sensor readings either     continuously, or at intervals. -   Statement 4. The container of statement 3, wherein the control unit     comprises a communications module adapted to relay sensor readings,     or log files, to a remote monitoring station. -   Statement 5. The container of statement 4, wherein the     communications module comprises a GSM transceiver. -   Statement 6. The container of any preceding statement, further     comprising a pilot line communicating with the interior of the     pressure vessel and the outlet downstream of the outlet valve; a     pilot line valve for selectively opening and closing the pilot line;     and a bleed valve communicating with the outlet downstream of the     outlet valve. -   Statement 7. The container of statement 6, further comprising a     supplementary gas supply connected to the pilot line. -   Statement 8. The container of statement 7, wherein the pilot line     valve comprises a three-way valve for selectively closing the pilot     line, or for selectively connecting the supplementary gas supply to     either or both of the interior of the pressure vessel and the outlet     downstream of the outlet valve. -   Statement 9. The container of statement 7 or statement 8, wherein     the supplementary gas supply comprises a pressurised gas canister. -   Statement 10. The container of any of statements 6 to 9, wherein the     pilot line communicates, in use, with a volume of gas within the     pressure vessel located above the level of the powder in the vessel. -   Statement 11. A powder container comprising a pressure vessel for     containing a quantity of powder and a quantity of pressurised gas,     an outlet through which, in use, the powder can flow out of the     pressure vessel, and an outlet valve for selectively opening and     closing the outlet, wherein the container further comprises a pilot     line communicating with the interior of the pressure vessel and the     outlet downstream of the outlet valve; a pilot line valve for     selectively opening and closing the pilot line; and a bleed valve     communicating with the outlet downstream of the outlet valve. -   Statement 12. The container of statement 11, further comprising a     supplementary gas supply connected to the pilot line. -   Statement 13. The container of statement 12, wherein the pilot line     valve comprises a three-way valve for selectively closing the pilot     line, or for selectively connecting the supplementary gas supply to     either or both of the interior of the pressure vessel and the outlet     downstream of the outlet valve. -   Statement 14. The container of statement 12 or statement 13, wherein     the supplementary gas supply comprises a pressurised gas canister. -   Statement 15. The container of any preceding statement, wherein the     pressure vessel comprises a part-conical main body portion leading     to the outlet. -   Statement 16. The container of any preceding statement, wherein the     outlet comprises an outlet tube, which terminates in a radially     outwardly extending connection flange. -   Statement 17. The container of any preceding statement, wherein the     pressure vessel comprises a removable lid, which is sealingly     affixable, in use, to an upper periphery of the pressure vessel. -   Statement 18. The container of any of statements 6 to 17, wherein     the pilot line communicates, in use, with a volume of gas within the     pressure vessel located above the level of the powder in the vessel. -   Statement 19. The container of any preceding statement, wherein the     pressure vessel is adapted in use, to withstand an internal pressure     of up to S bar. -   Statement 20. The container of any preceding statement, wherein the     pressure vessel is adapted in use, to withstand an internal pressure     of up to 3 bar. -   Statement 21. The container of any preceding statement, further     comprising a palletised support chassis. -   Statement 22. The container of any of statements 11 to 21, further     comprising data sensing and/or logging means adapted to monitor     and/or log various parameters of the powder and/or the pressurised     gas. -   Statement 23. The container of statement 22, wherein the data     sensing and/or logging means comprises any one or more of the group     comprising: an oxygen sensor, a humidity sensor a temperature     sensor; a strain gauge; a weighing device; a location sensor; a GPS     tracking device; an accelerometer; and a pressure sensor. -   Statement 24. The container of statement 22 or statement 23,     comprising a control unit adapted record and log the sensor readings     either continuously, or at intervals. -   Statement 25. The container of statement 24, wherein the control     unit comprises a communications module adapted to relay sensor     readings, or log files, to a remote monitoring station. -   Statement 26. The container of statement 25, wherein the     communications module comprises a GSM transceiver. -   Statement 27. A system comprising a container according to any     preceding statement, and an additive manufacturing machine     comprising an inlet adapted to connect to the outlet of the     container. -   Statement 28. The system of statement 27 wherein the inlet of the     additive manufacturing machine comprises an inlet valve configured     such that when the outlet valve and inlet valve are closed, a sealed     interior volume is formed by the outlet of the container and the     inlet of the AM machine. -   Statement 29. The system of statement 27 or statement 28, wherein     when the outlet valve of the container is opened, and the inlet     valve of the AM machine is opened, powder is able to flow between     the container and the AM machine. -   Statement 30. The system of any of statements 27, 28 or 29, wherein     the pilot line valve is computer controlled via a control unit,     which is connected to pressure sensors located within the pressure     vessel and the outlet tube. -   Statement 31. A system comprising a container according to any     preceding statement and a remote monitoring station configured to     periodically poll the communications module for sensor readings. -   Statement 32. The system of statement 32, wherein the remote     monitoring station is configured to send an SMS message to the     container, whereupon the communications module replies via an SMS     message containing a list of sensor readings or log files. -   Statement 33. The system of statement 32 or statement 32, wherein     the remote monitoring station is configured to monitor many     containers and to collate the data to identify trends across various     containers' readings. -   Statement 34. A container or system substantially as hereinbefore     described, with reference to, and as illustrated in, the     accompanying drawings. 

What is claimed is: 1-22. (canceled)
 23. A powder container comprising: a pressure vessel for containing a quantity of powder and a quantity of pressurised gas; an outlet through which, in use, the powder can flow out of the pressure vessel, and an outlet valve for selectively opening and closing the outlet; a pilot line communicating with the interior of the pressure vessel and the outlet downstream of the outlet valve; a pilot line valve for selectively opening and closing the pilot line, and a bleed valve communicating with the outlet downstream of the outlet valve.
 24. A powder container according to claim 23, further comprising a supplementary gas supply connected to the pilot line.
 25. A powder container according to claim 24, wherein the pilot line valve comprises a three-way valve for selectively closing a pilot line, or for selectively connecting a supplementary gas supply to either or both of the interior of the pressure vessel and the outlet downstream of the outlet valve.
 26. A powder container according to claim 24, wherein the supplementary gas supply comprises a pressurised gas canister.
 27. The powder container according to claim 23, wherein the pilot line communicates, in use, with a volume of gas within the pressure vessel located above the level of the powder in the vessel.
 28. The powder container according to claim 23, wherein the pressure vessel comprises a part-conical main body portion leading to the outlet.
 29. The powder container according to claim 23, wherein the outlet comprises an outlet tube, which terminates in a radially outwardly extending connection flange.
 30. The powder container according to claim 23, wherein the pressure vessel comprises a removable lid, which is sealingly affixable, in use, to an upper periphery of the pressure vessel.
 31. The powder container according to claim 23, wherein the pressure vessel is adapted in use, to withstand an internal pressure of up to 5 bar.
 32. The powder container according to claim 23, wherein the pressure vessel is adapted in use, to withstand an internal pressure of up to 3 bar.
 33. The powder container according to claim 23, further comprising a palletised support chassis.
 34. The powder container according to claim 23, further comprising a data sensing and/or logging means adapted to monitor and/or log various parameters of the powder and/or the pressurised gas, a control unit adapted to record and log sensor readings either continuously, or at intervals, the control unit comprising a communications module adapted to relay sensor readings, or log files, to a remote monitoring station.
 35. The powder container according to claim 34, wherein the data sensing and/or logging means comprises any one or more of the group comprising an oxygen sensor, a humidity sensor; a temperature sensor; a strain gauge; a weighing device; a location sensor; a GPS tracking device; an accelerometer; an electrostatic sensor; and a pressure sensor.
 36. A powder container according to claim 34, wherein the remote monitoring station is configured to monitor many powder containers and to collate the data to identify trends across various container's readings.
 37. The powder container according to claim 23, wherein the pressure vessel contains an atmosphere for inhibiting corrosion, oxidation or other deterioration of the powder.
 38. The container according to claim 36, wherein the inert atmosphere comprises an inert gas.
 39. A system comprising the powder container according to claim 23, and an additive manufacturing machine comprising an inlet adapted to connect to the outlet of the powder container.
 40. The system according to claim 39, wherein the inlet of the additive manufacturing machine comprises an inlet valve configured such that when the outlet valve and inlet valve are closed, a sealed interior volume is formed by the outlet of the powder container and the inlet of the AM machine.
 41. The system according to claim 40, wherein when the outlet valve of the powder container is opened, and the inlet valve of the AM machine is opened, powder is able to flow between the powder container and the AM machine.
 42. The system according to claim 39, wherein the pilot line valve is computer controlled via a control unit, which is connected to pressure sensors located within the pressure vessel and the outlet tube. 